Pil cinese del 2016 al 6,7%, crescita più bassa da 26 anni ma al top nel mondo

Nel 2016 la Cina, secondo i dati diffusi dall’Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, è cresciuta del 6,7%, al ritmo più basso degli ultimi 26 anni, ma al top del mondo secondo  il Fondo Monetario Internazionale. Nel periodo tra ottobre e dicembre 2016 la crescita è stata del 6,8%,poco sopra le attese, mentre nei tre trimestri precedenti la crescita era stata sempre del 6,7%. La crescita è stata favorita soprattutto dagli investimenti pubblici e dall’espansione del credito, che a dicembre scorso ha raggiunto il livello record di 1040 miliardi di yuan (150 miliardi di dollari). nei primi tre trimestri del 2016 la crescita era stata del 6,7%. I dati diffusi oggi alimentano di nuovo il dibattito sulla veridicità degli stessi, dibattito che è sempre sulle scrivanie di governi ed economisti. Discussioni che sono state anche alimentate dalla notizia, di qualche settimana fa, che il governo della provincia settentrionale del Liaoning ha falsificato i suoi bilanci dal 2011 al 2014. Quello dello sconosciuto debito delle province cinesi, che per sostenere una crescita continua dopo la crisi del 2008 si sono indebitate con le banche, resta centrale e può diventare una vera spina del fianco nell’economia del dragone se si dovesse scoprire che ha assunto i dettagli foschi di cui si parla da tempo.  Di seguito il lancio della Xinhua sui dati economici.

BEIJING, Jan. 20 (Xinhua) — China’s economy ended 2016 on a positive note, supported by consumer spending and a booming property market, and remained a key engine for global economic expansion.

China’s economy grew 6.7 percent year on year in 2016, a slowdown from the 6.9-percent growth registered in 2015, National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) data showed Friday.

The growth, although it was China’s slowest annual expansion in 26 years, is likely to top all other major economies, according to a report released January 16 by the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

It was in line with China’s official target range of 6.5 to 7 percent for 2016 and much stronger than some doom-mongers had predicted at the start of 2016, when concerns about a collapse in China’s growth rocked global financial markets.

The figure represents a medium-high level of growth and China’s economy continued to run within a reasonable range, with its structure further optimized and development model transformed, NBS chief Ning Jizhe said at a press conference.x   The NBS said the figure indicated “a good start” for the country’s goal of achieving at least 6.5-percent annual growth during the 13th Five-year Plan period (2016-2020).

China’s economy has entered a new phase, which Chinese leaders have dubbed the “new normal,” as the country tries to transition its export- and investment-driven growth model into one that draws strength from consumption, innovation and the service sector.

Such a transition is bound to be painful and bumpy. Yet, there are plenty of indications that China is progressing in the right direction.

Gross domestic product totaled 74.41 trillion yuan (about 10.83 trillion U.S. dollars) in 2016, with the service sector accounting for 51.6 percent. Consumption contributed 64.6 percent to GDP growth last year. High-tech industries posted fast expansion.

Despite a protracted slowdown, China’s contribution to the world’s economic growth may again top that of all other economies, even exceeding the figure for all developed economies combined.

According to the report, the IMF revised its forecasts for China’s growth upward by 0.1 percentage point to 6.7 percent for 2016 and by 0.3 percentage point to 6.5 percent for 2017.

With the IMF predicting only 3.1 percent global growth for 2016, China’s contribution would account for more than one-third of the world’s growth.

For the fourth quarter, China’s economy grew 6.8 percent, slightly beating market forecasts and representing the first quarterly improvement since the second quarter of 2014.

NBS data showed that major economic indicators softened last year, with industrial output growth slowing slightly to 6 percent from 6.1 percent in 2015.

Urban fixed-asset investment continued to cool, rising 8.1 percent year on year, compared with 10 percent in 2015. Retail sales rose 10.4 percent, down from 10.7 percent in 2015.

However, property development investment increased 6.9 percent year on year in 2016, up from only 1 percent in 2015.

“We should be aware that the domestic and external conditions are still complicated and severe, and the foundation of the economic stabilization and improvement is not solid yet,” Ning said.

China has made “seeking progress while maintaining stability” the main theme for its economic work in 2017, pledging to push for substantial progress in supply-side structural reform, according to the Central Economic Work Conference.

For the year ahead, analysts said China’s economy may face downward pressure from a property market correction and the government’s resolve to defuse financial risks and push through structural reform, which could help sustain longer-term growth but may weigh on near-term growth.

Given more efficient fiscal spending, HSBC expected the property market correction to drag China’s growth down by 0.1 to 0.2 percentage points in 2017.

Adding to concerns is external uncertainty, with U.S. President-elect Donald Trump threatening to add trade tensions.

“I personally believe President-elect Trump will consider issues from the perspective of developing mutually beneficial bilateral ties and advance the long-lasting cooperation between the two major countries,” Ning said. “I have hopes for that.”    Enditem

 

 

 

 

 

 

Crescita cinese nel 2015 più bassa da 25 anni. Qui testo completo del comunicato dell’ufficio di statistica con tutti i dati

La crescita economica della Cina scende al 6,8% nell’ultimo trimestre del 2015 con l’indebolimento del commercio e dei consumi, trascinando la crescita annuale al livello più basso in 25 anni (+6,9%). Le principali borse asiatiche non hanno tuttavia risposto con nervosismo stamattina ai dati, registrando lievi guadagni in una giornata complessivamente poco mossa. La crescita cinese è diminuita costantemente nel corso degli ultimi cinque anni, con il Partito comunista che cerca di prendere le distanze da un modello logoro basato su investimenti e commercio, per indirizzarsi verso una crescita auto sostenuta trainata dai consumi e i servizi interni. Il rallentamento cinese e un crollo dei prezzi sul listino di Shanghai hanno fatto crescere le preoccupazioni per la perdita di sostegno da parte di un’economia vista una volta come motore della crescita globale, deprimendo i mercati finanziari internazionali. La crescita annuale della Cina è scesa al 6,9%, secondo i dati resi noti oggi dal governo: il livello più basso dal 3,8% del 1990, su cui pesarono le sanzioni inflitte a Pechino dopo la repressione a Piazza Tiananmen del movimento per la democrazia. Il dato ottobre-dicembre è stata la crescita trimestrale più bassa dalle conseguenze della crisi finanziaria globale, quando l’espansione dell’economia si accasciò al 6,1% nel primo trimestre 2009 (la crescita del trimestre luglio-settembre 2009 fu del 6,9%). La crescita degli investimenti in fabbriche, abitazioni e altri beni immobili, un volano economico chiave, si è indebolita al 12% nel 2015: giù di 2,9 punti percentuali rispetto all’anno precedente. Le vendite al dettaglio sono cresciute del 10,6%, rispetto al 12% registrato nel 2014. Le esportazioni di dicembre si sono ridotte dell’1,4% rispetto all’anno precedente, mentre le esportazioni sono diminuite del 7,6% su base. La spesa per il commercio online è cresciuta del 33,3% rispetto al 2014. La crescita è stata in linea con le previsioni del settore privato e l’obiettivo ufficiale del Partito Comunista di circa il 7% annuo. Pechino ha risposto al calo della crescita tagliando i tassi d’interesse sei volte da novembre 2014 e varando misure per aiutare gli esportatori e altre industrie. Gli economisti si aspettano per quest’anno un’ulteriore diminuzione della crescita cinese, con il Fondo monetario internazionale (Fmi) che mira a un’espansione del 6,3%.

Fonte: ANSA

National Bureau of Statistics of China

19 January, 2016

 

In 2015, faced with complicated international environment and increasing downward pressure on the economy, the Central Party Committee and the State Council have maintained the strategic focus, comprehensively arranged both domestic and international tasks, adhered to the general work guideline of making progress while maintaining stability, actively adapted to and led the new normal, guided new practices with new theories, strived for new development with new strategies, innovated macro-regulation, deepened the structural reform and pushed forward “mass entrepreneurship and innovation”. As a result, the economy has achieved moderate but stable and sound development.

 

According to the preliminary estimation, the gross domestic product (GDP) of China was 67,670.8 billion yuan in 2015, an increase of 6.9 percent at comparable prices. Specifically, the year-on-year growth of the first quarter was 7.0 percent, the second quarter 7.0 percent, the third quarter 6.9 percent, and the fourth quarter 6.8 percent. The value added of the primary industry was 6,086.3 billion yuan, up by 3.9 percent; the secondary industry 27,427.8 billion yuan, up by 6.0 percent; and the tertiary industry 34,156.7 billion yuan, up by 8.3 percent. The gross domestic product of the fourth quarter of 2015 went up by 1.6 percent on a quarter-on-quarter base.

 

1. Agricultural Production Enjoyed Another Harvest.

 

The total grain output in 2015 was 621.43 million tons, an increase of 14.41 million tons, up by 2.4 percent. The total output of summer grain was 141.12 million tons, an increase of 3.3 percent; the total output of early rice was 33.69 million tons, a decrease of 0.9 percent; the total output of autumn grain was 446.62 million tons, an increase of 2.3 percent. The total output of cereals was 572.25 million tons, an increase of 2.7 percent. The total output of cotton in 2015 was 5.61 million tons, a decrease of 9.3 percent. The total output of pork, beef, mutton and poultry was 84.54 million tons, a decrease of 1.0 percent, among which the total output of pork was 54.87 million tons, a decrease of 3.3 percent. The total output of poultry eggs in 2015 was 29.99 million tons, an increase of 3.6 percent; the total output of milk was 37.55 million tons, an increase of 0.8 percent.

 

2. The Upgrading of the Industry was Notable.

 

The total value added of the industrial enterprises above the designated size in 2015 was up by 6.1 percent at comparable prices. An analysis by types of ownership showed that the value added growth of the state holding enterprises was 1.4 percent; that of the collective enterprises, 1.2 percent; share-holding enterprises, 7.3 percent; and enterprises funded by foreign investors or investors from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, 3.7 percent. In terms of sectors, the value added of the mining grew by 2.7 percent compared with last year, the manufacturing by 7.0 percent and the electricity, thermal power, gas and the production and supply of water by 1.4 percent. New industries were growing rapidly. In 2015, the value added of the new technology industry grew by 10.2 percent, 4.1 percentage points faster than industrial enterprises above the designated size, accounting for 11.8 percent of industrial enterprises above the designated size, 1.2 percentage points more than last year. Among the new technology industry, the manufacture of aerospace vehicles and equipment grew by 26.2 percent, manufacture of electronic and communication equipment by 12.7 percent, the manufacture of optical and photographic equipment by 10.6 percent and the manufacture of medicines by 9.9 percent. In 2015, the sales-output ratio of industrial enterprises above the designated size reached 97.6 percent. The export delivery value of these enterprises reached 11,858.2 billion yuan, down by 1.8 percent. In December, the total value added of the industrial enterprises above the designated size was up by 5.9 percent year-on-year or up by 0.41 percent month-on-month.

 

From January to November, the profits made by industrial enterprises above the designated size stood at 5,538.7 billion yuan, down by 1.9 percent year-on-year. The costs for per-hundred-yuan turnover of principal activities of the industrial enterprises above the designated size reached 85.97 yuan and the profit rate of the principal activities was 5.57 percent.

 

3. The Growth of Investment in Fixed Assets Slowed Down. 

 

In 2015, the investment in fixed assets (excluding rural households) was 55,159.0 billion yuan, a nominal year-on-year growth of 10.0 percent over last year or a real growth of 12.0 percent after deducting price factors, 2.9 percentage points slower than last year in real term. Specifically, the investment by the state holding enterprises reached 17,893.3 billion yuan, a rise of 10.9 percent; private investment reached 35,400.7 billion yuan, up by 10.1 percent, accounting for 64.2 percent of the total investment. The investment in the primary industry was 1,556.1 billion yuan, up by 31.8 percent; the secondary industry 22,409.0 billion yuan, up by 8.0 percent; and the tertiary industry 31,193.9 billion yuan, an increase of 10.6 percent. The funds in place for investment in 2015 were 57,378.9 billion yuan, up by 7.7 percent. Specifically, the state budget went up by 15.6 percent, domestic loans down by 5.8 percent, self-raising funds up by 9.5 percent and utilization of foreign investment down by 29.6 percent. The total investment in newly-started projects in 2015 was 40,808.4 billion yuan, an increase of 5.5 percent. In December, investment in fixed assets (excluding rural households) grew by 0.68 percent month-on-month.

 

The total investment in real estate development in 2015 was 9,597.9 billion yuan, a nominal growth of 1.0 percent (a real growth of 2.8 percent after deducting price factors). In particular, the investment in residential buildings went up by 0.4 percent. The floor space newly started was 1,544.54 million square meters, down by 14.0 percent. Specifically, the floor space of residential buildings went down by 14.6 percent. The floor space of commercial buildings sold was 1,284.95 million square meters, up by 6.5 percent. Specifically, the floor space of residential buildings sold was up by 6.9 percent. The total sales of commercial buildings were 8,728.1 billion yuan, up by 14.4 percent. Specifically, the sales of residential buildings were up by 16.6 percent. The land space purchased for real estate development was 228.11 million square meters, down by 31.7 percent. By the end of December, the floor space of commercial buildings for sale was 718.53 million square meters, up by 15.6 percent compared with that at the end of last year. The funds in place for real estate development enterprises reached 12,520.3 billion yuan, up by 2.6 percent over last year.

 

4. Market Sales Grew Rapidly.

 

In 2015, the total retail sales of consumer goods reached 30,093.1 billion yuan, a nominal annual rise of 10.7 percent (a real growth of 10.6 percent after deducting price factors). Specifically, the retail sales of consumer goods by enterprises above the designated size stood at 14,255.8 billion yuan, up by 7.8 percent over the last year. Analyzed by different areas, the retail sales in urban areas reached 25,899.9 billion yuan, up by 10.5 percent, and the retail sales in rural areas stood at 4,193.2 billion yuan, up by 11.8 percent. Grouped by consumption patterns, the income of catering industry was 3,231.0 billion yuan, up by 11.7 percent; and the retail sales of goods were 26,862.1 billion yuan, up by 10.6 percent. In particular, the retail sales of the enterprises above the designated size reached 13,389.1 billion yuan, an increase of 7.9 percent. In December, the nominal growth of total retail sales of consumer goods was 11.1 percent over last year (a real growth of 10.7 percent after deducting price factors), or 0.82 percent month-on-month.

 

In 2015, the online retail sales reached 3,877.3 billion yuan, an increase of 33.3 percent compared with last year, among which the retail sales of physical goods was 3,242.4 billion yuan, an increase of 31.6 percent, accounting for 10.8 percent of the total retail sales of consumer goods; the retail sales of non-physical goods was 634.9 billion yuan, an increase of 42.4 percent.

 

5. The Imports and Exports Decreased on a Year-on-Year Base.

 

The total value of imports and exports in 2015 was 24,584.9 billion yuan, a decrease of 7.0 percent. The total value of exports was 14,135.7 billion yuan, down by 1.8 percent; the total value of imports was 10,449.2 billion yuan, a decrease of 13.2 percent. The trade balance was 3,686.5 billion yuan in surplus. In December, the total value of imports and exports was 2,475.7 billion yuan, down by 0.5 percent year-on-year. Of this total, the value of exports was 1,428.9 billion yuan, up by 2.3 percent; and that of imports was 1,046.8 billion yuan, down by 4.0 percent.

 

6. The Consumer Price Increased Moderately.

 

In 2015, the consumer price went up by 1.4 percent over last year. Specifically, the price went up by 1.5 percent in urban areas and 1.3 percent in rural areas. Grouped by commodity categories, prices for food rose by 2.3 percent; tobacco, liquor and related articles up by 2.1 percent; clothing up by 2.7 percent; household facilities, articles and maintenance services up by 1.0 percent; health care and personal articles up by 2.0 percent; transportation and communication down by 1.7 percent; recreation, education, culture articles and services up by 1.4 percent and housing up by 0.7 percent. In terms of food prices, grain went up by 2.0 percent, oil or fat down by 3.2 percent, pork up by 9.5 percent and fresh vegetables up by 7.4 percent. In December, the consumer prices went up by 1.6 percent year-on-year, or 0.5 percent up month-on-month. In 2015, the producer prices for industrial products went down by 5.2 percent compared with last year, while the price in December dropped by 5.9 percent year-on-year and 0.6 percent month-on-month. The purchasing price for industrial producers was down by 6.1 percent compared with last year and in December, the price was down by 6.8 percent year-on-year and 0.7 percent month-on-month.

 

7. Residents’ Income Increased Steadily.

 

In 2015, the national per capita disposable income of residents was 21,966 yuan, a nominal growth of 8.9 percent over last year, or a real increase of 7.4 percent after deducting price factors. In terms of permanent residence, the per capita disposable income of urban households was 31,195 yuan, a nominal growth of 8.2 percent, or a real growth of 6.6 percent after deducting price factors. The per capita disposable income of rural residents was 11,422 yuan, up by 8.9 percent, or 7.5 percent in real terms. The per capita income of urban households was 2.73 times of the rural households, 0.02 less than last year. The median of the national disposal income was 19,281 yuan, a nominal increase of 9.7 percent. Taking the per capita disposable income of nationwide households by income quintiles, that of the low-income group reached 5,221 yuan, the lower-middle-income group 11，894 yuan, the middle-income group 19，320 yuan, the upper-middle-income group 29,438 yuan, and the high-income group 54,544 yuan. The Gini Coefficient for national income in 2015 was 0.462. The number of rural migrant workers in 2015 totaled 277.47 million, which was 3.52 million more than that in last year, or up by 1.3 percent. Specifically, the numbers of local and outside migrant workers were 108.63 million and 168.84 million respectively, up by 2.7 and 0.4 percent. The average monthly income of migrant workers was 3,072 yuan, up by 7.2 percent.

 

8. Economic Structure was Optimized and Upgraded.

 

The industrial structure was further optimized. In 2015, the value added of the tertiary industry accounted for 50.5 percent of GDP, 2.4 percentage points higher than last year, 10.0 percentage points higher than that of the secondary industry. The structure of domestic demand was further improved. In 2015, the final consumption expenditure accounted for 66.4 percent of GDP, 15.4 percentage points higher than last year. The balance of regional structure was strengthened. The value added of industries above the designated size in the central and western regions increased by 7.6 percent and 7.8 percent compared with last year, 0.9 percentage point and 1.1 percentage points faster than the eastern region respectively. Investment in fixed assets in the central region (excluding rural households) increased by 15.7 percent, 3.0 percentage points faster than the eastern region. Energy conservation and consumption reduction continued to make new achievements. In 2015, the energy consumption per unit of GDP decreased by 5.6 percent compared with last year.

 

9. Money Supply Maintained a Steady Growth.

 

By the end of December, the balance of broad money (M2) was 139.23 trillion yuan, an increase of 13.3 percent compared with that at the end of last year; the balance of narrow money (M1) was 40.10 trillion yuan, a rise of 15.2 percent; and the balance of cash in circulation (M0) was 6.32 trillion yuan, a rise of 4.9 percent. At the end of December, the amount of outstanding loans was 93.95 trillion yuan, while the amount of outstanding deposits was 135.70 trillion yuan. In 2015, the newly increased loans reached 11.72 trillion yuan, an increase of 1.81 trillion yuan; the newly increased deposits were 14.97 trillion yuan, or 1.94 trillion yuan more than last year. The social financing reached 15.41 trillion yuan.

 

10. Population and Employment Situation were Generally Stable.

 

By the end of 2015, the total population of mainland China was 1,374.62 million (including population of 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, and servicemen in CPLA; but not including residents in Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR, Taiwan Province and overseas Chinese), an increase of 6.80 million over that at the end of 2014. In 2015, the number of births was 16.55 million and the birth rate was 12.07 in a thousand; the number of deaths was 9.75 million with a death rate of 7.11 in a thousand; the natural growth rate was 4.96 in a thousand, a decrease of 0.25 in a thousand. In terms of gender, the male population was 704.14 million, and female population was 670.48 million; the sex ratio of the total population was 105.02 (the female is 100); the sex ratio at birth was 113.51. Population at the working age of 16-59 was 910.96 million, a decrease of 4.87 million as compared with that at the end of 2014, and it accounted for 66.3 percent of the total population; population aged 60 and over was 222.00 million, which was 16.1 percent of the total population; population aged 65 and over was 143.86 million, accounting for 10.5 percent of the total population. In terms of urban-rural structure, the urban population was 771.16 million, an increase of 22.00 million over the last year; and the rural population was 603.46 million, a decrease of 15.20 million. The proportion of the urban population to the total population was 56.1 percent. The population who reside in areas other than their household registration and have been away from there for over 6 months reached 294 million, which was 3.77 million less than that in the last year. Specifically, the migrant population was 247 million, or 5.68 million less. At the end of 2015, the total number of employed persons was 774.51 million and the number of urban employed persons was 404.10 million.

 

Generally speaking, China’s economy has maintained within a proper range. The economic structure has been further optimized, the transformation and upgrading fastened, the new impetus accumulated and the people’s life improved. However, at the same time, we must be aware that the international environment is still complicated, the domestic structural transformation and upgrading are in a crucial period during which challenges need to be overcome and problems need to be resolved and the task of comprehensively deepening the reform is still heavy. For the next step, we must carefully study and implement the spirits of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the 3rd, 4th and 5th Plenary Sessions of the 18th CPC Central Committee and the Central Economic Work Conference as well as the decisions and arrangements of the Central Party Committee and the State Council. We must adhere to the guideline of stable macro-policy, precise industrial policy, flexible micro-policy, practical reform policy and solid social policy, and focus on the supply-side structural reform so as to promote the national economy to maintain medium-to-high speed and move to medium-to-high end with medium-to-high income.

 

Notes:

 

1. To further promote the integration of China’s quarterly GDP accounting with international practices, the National Bureau of Statistics of China has implemented the reform on quarterly GDP accounting since the third quarter of 2015 by adopting quarterly accounting and publishing the related results.

 

2. The growth rate of gross domestic product, value added of industrial enterprises above designated size and its sub-items are real growth by using comparable prices. The growth rates of other indicators are nominal growth by using current prices unless otherwise specified.

 

3. According to the auto-revision function of the seasonal adjustment model, GDP in each quarter and the month-on-month changes of the value added of industrial enterprises above designated size, investment in fixed assets (excluding rural households), and total retail sales of consumer goods have been revised. The revised figures and figure for the fourth quarter GDP in 2015 as well as the month-on-month changes for other indicators in December 2014 are as follows:

 

The quarter-on-quarter growth of GDP in 2014 and 2015 were 1.6 percent, 1.8 percent, 1.8 percent, 1.7 percent, 1.3 percent, 1.9 percent, 1.8 percent and 1.6 percent respectively.

 

Month-on-Month Changes in 2015
	Value Added of Industrial Enterprises above Designated Size (%)	Investment in Fixed  Assets (Excluding Rural Households) (%)	Total Retail Sales of Consumer Goods (%)
January	0.45	0.88	0.80
February	0.42	0.86	1.08
March	0.27	0.84	0.83
April	0.58	0.81	0.85
May	0.50	0.77	0.87
June	0.61	0.83	0.97
July	0.32	0.72	0.80
August	0.54	0.70	0.91
September	0.40	0.71	0.88
October	0.47	0.72	0.82
November	0.57	0.73	0.85
December	0.41	0.68	0.82

 

4. From 2012, the NBS implemented the new Industrial Classification for National Economic Activities (GB/T4754-2011). For more detailed information, please refer to the website of the National Bureau of Statistics of China.

 

5. Industrial enterprises above the designated size are industrial enterprises with annual revenue from principal activities over 20 million yuan.

 

6. Units above the designated size in total retail sales of consumer goods include wholesale enterprises, retail enterprises and lodging and catering enterprises with annual revenue from principal business over 20 million yuan, 5 million yuan and 2 million yuan respectively.

 

Online retail sales refer to the total retail sales of goods and services realized through internet trading platforms (including self-built websites and third-party platforms). Goods and services include physical goods and non-physical goods (e.g. virtual goods and services etc.).

 

The total retail sales of consumer goods include the online retail sales of physical goods, but not the non-physical goods. 

 

7. In the fourth quarter of 2012, the National Bureau of Statistics of China conducted the reform of integrated survey of urban and rural households, unifying the names, classification and statistical standards of urban and rural households and selecting 160 thousand urban and rural households across the country to conduct direct surveys. On its basis, per capita disposable income of national residents as well as urban and rural per capita disposable income were calculated according to the new definitions which makes urban and rural households comparable.

 

The median of per capita income of urban and rural households refer to the per capita income of household lied in the middle of all surveyed households which are ranked from low to high based on per capital income level.

 

The income of urban and rural households by quintiles refer to the per capita income of surveyed households which are divided into five levels averagely, ranking from low to high based on per capital income level; the top 20% households with the highest income are classified as high-income group. The other four levels are upper-middle-income group, middle-income group, lower-middle-income group and low-income group.

 

8. Migrant workers refer to those who work in urban areas, or in the non-agriculture sectors in local or other areas for 6 months and above with their permanent household registrations being in rural areas. Local migrant workers refer to those who work in the administration area where they register their households permanently. Outside migrant workers refer to those who work in areas other than the administration area where they register their households permanently.

 

9. Employed persons refer to persons aged 16 and over who have the ability to work and engage in gainful employment for remuneration payment or business income.

 

10. The regional data are classified by the eastern, central, western and northeastern regions.

 

11. Data of imports and exports are from the General Administration of Customs; data of money supply and deposits and loans and social financing are from the People’s Bank of China.

 

12. Due to the rounding-off reasons, the subentries may not add up to the aggregate totals.

In case of any differences between English translation and the original Chinese text, the Chinese edition shall prevail.

 

Pronta la banca cinese di investimenti, primi progetti nel 2016

La Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (Aiib) “is open for business”: e’ il presidente Jin Liqun, fresco di nomina da parte del Board of Governors, ad annunciare nella sala al secondo piano del Westin hotel, a pochi metri dal suo quartier generale nel distretto finanziario di Pechino, che l’iniziativa multilaterale a trazione cinese è operativa. Entro fine anno saranno pronti i piani di co-finanziamento di progetti con altre banche internazionali per lo sviluppo o in solitario, con i prestiti – ha aggiunto Jin – che saranno fatti in dollari e con la raccolta che potrà spaziare su altre valute, come euro e yuan. I settori di riferimento, in base a quanto appreso dall’ANSA, saranno “trasporti, acqua ed energia, tutti strategici allo sviluppo dell’Asia”. I primi passi punteranno, in scia alle “migliori pratiche in corso di affinamento su governance, trasparenza e sistemi di controllo molto rassicuranti, a strappare come ogni start-up un ottimo rating di partenza” che nelle previsioni dovrebbe essere la Tripla A. La soddisfazione è molta visto che sulla “Banca mondiale cinese”, vista come “rivale” della World Bank a guida Usa, il presidente Xi Jinping (con il premier Li Keqiang) ha ribadito nell’intenso weekend di lancio che la Aiib è strumento che aiuterà a governare il sistema di sviluppo dell’economia mondiale “in direzione più congrua, ragionevole ed efficiente”. Niente male considerando che dal piano illustrato a ottobre del 2013, Xi è riuscito a coinvolgere 57 Paesi pur tra l’opposizione di Usa e Giappone verso cui “la porta è sempre aperta”, ha detto Jin, a capo del Board of Directors composto da 12 membri che si riunirà anche domani. “Sono 30 le nazioni che hanno ratificato l’adesione da soci fondatori – ha notato ancora il presidente Aiib, con esperienze sia alla World Bank sia alla Asian Development Bank – in rappresentanza di oltre il 74% delle azioni, mentre altri 20 lo faranno fine dell’anno”. Tra questi Francia, Spagna e Italia, che si attesta al 12/mo posto nella compagine dei soci con il 2,62% in uno schema volto sia allo sviluppo economico e finanziario dell’area asiatica e sia alla internazionalizzazione del sistema economico del Belpaese, tra industria e servizi. La Cina, che detiene diritti di voto oltre il 25% e di veto, ha varato una sottoscrizione iniziale di 29,78 miliardi di dollari per la Aiib, su un totale di 100 miliardi.

 

fonte: Ansa

Calano a dicembre, ma meno di novembre, le esportazioni della Cina

Un piccolo segno positivo per l’economia cinese: i dati commerciali di dicembre segnano un calo ma minore di quello registrato a novembre. E, in questo momento difficile per l’economia del dragone, è una notizia che deve tenere allegri. Secondo i dati doganali diffusi stamattina, le esportazioni cinesi a dicembre sono scesi dell’1,4% rispetto all’anno scorso, un miglioramento rispetto al 6,8% di novembre. Le importazioni cinesi sono diminuite del 7,6%, meno dell’8,7% di novembre. I dati commerciali cinesi riflettono la debolezza della domanda globale e un calo della crescita economica interna, ma gli economisti dicono che la spesa al dettaglio e la produzione potrebbero essere in miglioramento. La crescita economica è scesa al minimo da sei anni al 6,9% nel trimestre finito a settembre. La crescita dell’anno passato si dovrebbe attestare appena sotto o comunque vicinissima al 7% anche se per molti sarà difficile che il paese del dragone possa raggiungere una crescita superiore del 6,5%. La bilancia commerciale della Cina ha evidenziato a dicembre un avanzo di 60,09 miliardi di dollari, in miglioramento rispetto ai 54,10 miliardi del mese precedente e sopra le attese degli analisti che avevano pronosticato un calo a 51,30 miliardi di dollari. Durante l’intero 2015 le esportazioni della Cina sono calate del 2,8%. Si è trattato del primo calo annuo dal 2009. Le importazioni sono scese del 14,1%. Il surplus della bilancia commerciale cinese è cresciuto nel 2015, rispetto all’anno precedente, da $382,5 miliardi al livello record di $594,5 miliardi.

Banca centrale Cina svaluta a sorpresa lo yuan ai livelli del 2011

La banca centrale cinese ha svalutato a sorpresa lo yuan fissandolo a 6,5314 rispetto al dollaro (-0,22%), il livello più basso dall’aprile 2011. La mossa dell’istituto centrale, che segue quella di agosto, avviene dopo che nei giorni scorsi le autorità erano intervenute sul mercato per provare a fermare la volatilità. Dopo la decisione di oggi è sceso anche lo yuan offshore quotato a Hong Kong a 6,6964.

Arretra ancora l’economia cinese, crolla borsa Shanghai

Nuova frenata a dicembre per l’industria cinese. L’indice pmi manifatturiero misurato da Caixan è sceso a 48,2, dal 48,6 di novembre, sotto le attese degli analisti, che si aspettavano una crescita a 48,9. Si tratta, ricorda Bloomberg, del quinto mese consecutivo in calo, la serie negativa più lunga dal 2009. Successivamente alla diffusione dell’indice, i listini asiatici hanno accelerato la loro discesa. Un valore dell’indice sotto 50 segnala una contrazione dell’economia. Crollano le borse asiatiche dopo i dati deludenti sulla manifattura cinese e mentre sale la tensione in Medio Oriente a causa dello scontro tra Arabia saudita e Iran. Shenzhen ha chiuso in calo dell’8,22%, Shanghai del 6,86%, entrambe chiuse prima della fine delle contrattazioni, come prevedono le nuove regole. Tokyo ha chiuso in ribasso del del 3,06%, Seul del 2,17%. Hong Kong, sul finale di seduta, cede il 2,5%.

Cina: la bolla delle borse

Articolo pubblicato su Affari Internazionali

E’ un bagno di umiltà e una svolta verso il reale quella che sta affrontando la Cina di questi giorni. La bolla scoppiata nella borsa cinese, che ha portato a perdere oltre 3,5 miliardi di dollari (valori che superano di 11 volte il Pil greco, di quattro volte il valore delle borse spagnole e di due quelle indiane), più del 30% del suo valore, ha fatto realizzare a molti, semmai ce ne fosse bisogno, che Pechino ha bisogno di una operazione verità sui suoi numeri.

Operazione verità sui numeri
Si è cominciato con la crescita: da un paio di anni, il 10% e passa è diventato un miraggio e la Cina si sta stabilizzando su quello che è un sogno per molti Paesi ma che per i cinesi all’inizio era una iattura, il 7% di crescita. Considerato troppo basso fino a qualche anno fa, ma che ora pare più realistico: questo è attualmente l’obiettivo, che alcuni considerano di difficile ma non impossibile raggiungimento, visto l’andamento dell’economia cinese.

Si è proseguito con la borsa: dal giugno 2014 al 12 giugno scorso, ritenuto il vero “venerdì nero” della borsa cinese, sui mercati azionari del Paese del Dragone si era riusciti a guadagnare il 150%. Davvero tanto, per non fare poi scoppiare una bolla che, in poco meno di un mese, ha bruciato un bel po’ di risparmi. Che la borsa cinese sia volatile e, per certi versi, non affidabile è dimostrato dall’altalena dei risultato dei risultati: giovedì 9 luglio, il primo vero test dopo le misure messe in campo dal governo, c’è stata un’apertura a -4%, poi l’indice di Shanghai in chiusura ha guadagnato il 5,7%.

Il colpevole? La mancanza di realismo
La stessa cifra che aveva registrato come perdita il giorno precedente. Una situazione che ha portato le autorità cinesi ad essere euforiche il 9, dopo avere parlato di “panico” l’8 e ad avere annunciato indagini per cercare i colpevoli di questa situazione. Ma il vero colpevole è la mancanza di realismo, di certezza sui numeri. Come molti analisti hanno osservato, il problema è che in Cina tutto è gigantesco e per di più mancano l’esperienza, le competenze e “la forza intrinseca del sistema per gestire crisi di queste proporzioni”.

Nel Paese i dati economici non sono del tutto chiari: c’è un problema notevole relativo ai debiti delle amministrazioni locali, le province, che hanno contratto mutui con le banche statali per arginare la crisi del 2008 mettendo in campo grandi infrastrutture e per fare girare l’economia. Ad oggi, non si sa se e quando potranno restituire quei soldi.

Neofiti dall’entusiasmo alla disperazione
C’è un problema di verità legato alla presenza di un sistema bancario e finanziario occulto, di proporzioni gigantesche e che pare sia il vero motore economico del Paese, in termini di prestiti e denaro della classe media e delle piccole e medie imprese. Proprio questi ultimi sono tra i più colpiti della bolla finanziaria. In un mercato dove non è peccato arricchirsi e dove, come detto, si è guadagnato il 150% in un anno, buttare in borsa i soldi risparmiati è sembrato l’investimento più giusto.

Se poi si considerano i prezzi degli immobili sempre più alti (altra bolla in Cina) e l’intervento continuo del governo quasi a sostenere la borsa, si capisce il motivo per il quale i piccoli risparmiatori cinesi, milioni di persone, abbiano anche preso soldi a prestito per investire in borsa. Neofiti che ora si stanno mangiando le mani e che si lamentano sui social network delle perdite.

Il governo corre a drastici ripari
Ma il governo è corso ai ripari, come solo un esecutivo di regime può, mettendo in campo misure drastiche: blocco delle vendite per i prossimi sei mesi agli investitori che detengono più del 5% delle azioni di una compagnia; conferma da parte della banca centrale, la People’s Bank of China, di continuare a fornire ampia liquidità alle istituzioni che concedono prestiti a chi vuole investire in Borsa; blocco delle Ipo; taglio dei tassi di interesse e interventi sulle riserve obbligatorie delle banche; compagnie statali obbligate a comprare azioni; aumento della quantità di azioni che le compagnie di assicurazioni possono acquistare; costituzione, da parte dei 21 broker principali del Paese, di un fondo da 120 miliardi di yuan per stabilizzare il mercato, che si è impegnato a non vendere azioni fino a quando l’indice di Shanghai sarà inferiore a quota 4.500.

Tutte misure che hanno avuto l’effetto di iniettare, oltre a soldi, fiducia soprattutto nei piccoli risparmiatori. Ma aumenta la volatilità e, soprattutto, il dubbio che il problema sia strutturale e che possa riverberarsi sull’economia reale. Anche se la borsa cinese ha un valore pari al 40% del Pil (in molti altri paesi si supera il 100%) è, come detto, considerato un bene rifugio da tanti. La corsa del governo cinese a far cambiare faccia al Paese del Dragone, facendolo diventare da “fabbrica del mondo” a “negozio del mondo”, tentando di aumentare i consumi interni, sta mietendo vittime. E’ in campo soprattutto la credibilità si un sistema che, come detto, pare si basi su travi -alcune delle quali- d’argilla.
– See more at: http://www.affarinternazionali.it/articolo.asp?ID=3115#sthash.j7eW7ynZ.dpuf

Inflazione cinese sotto il target a dicembre, crollano prezzi alla produzione

Sale l’inflazione cinese a dicembre secondo i dati pubblicati stamattina dall’ufficio centrale nazionale di statistica di Pechino, ma resta sotto il target. Per il mese scorso gli analisti hanno registrato un indice dei prezzi al consumo (consumer price index, Cpi) in aumento dell’1,5% rispetto allo stesso periodo dell’anno scorso. A novembre l’aumento era stato dell’1,4%. Secondo i dati diffusi stamattina, nel 2014 il Cpi è salito del 2% rispetto al 2013, sotto il tetto del 3,5% fissato dalle autorità. L’aumento l’anno scorso è anche al di sotto del 2,6% registrato nel 2013. L’aumento dell’inflazione a dicembre è il più basso dal novembre 2009, facendo registrate un +0,3% rispetto al mese precedente, invertendo il trend cominciato a settembre. L’aumento dell’inflazione p dovuto principalmente all’aumento dei prezzi del cibo. I dati annuali potrebbero spingere le autorità cinesi ad adottare misure come il taglio dei tassi di interesse o simili, per rilanciare la crescita che nel terzo trimestre del 2014 ha fatto registrare un dato del 7,3%, il più basso da cinque anni. Crolla invece, al 34mo mese consecutivo, l’indice dei prezzi alla produzione. Il dato diffuso stamattina parla di un declino del 3,3% a dicembre rispetto allo stesso periodo dell’anno scorso, il più alto da settembre 2012 e maggiore del 2,7% di calo dello scorso novembre.